Comparison of functional electrical stimulation to long leg braces for upright mobility for children with complete thoracic level spinal injuries

Objective: To prospectively compare functional electrical stimulation (FES) to long leg braces (LLB) as a means of upright mobility for children with motor-complete thoracic level spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Design: Intrasubject group comparison of two interventions. Setting: Nonprofit pediatric orthopedic rehabilitation facility specializin g in SCI, Patients or Other Participants: Convenience sample of five children between 9 and 18 years old with motor-complete thoracic level SCI. The hip and kne e extensors were excitable by electrical stimulation. Interventions: The FES system consisted of percutaneous intramuscular elect rodes implanted to the hip and knee extensors and a push-button activated s timulator worn about the waist. Standing was accomplished by simultaneous s timulation of all implanted muscles. For foot and ankle stability, either a nkle-foot orthoses (AFO) or supramalleolar orthoses were used. The LLB syst em consisted of a custom knee-ankle foot orthosis (KAFO) for four subjects and a custom reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO) for one subject who required bracing at the hip. For both interventions, either a front-wheeled walker or Lofstrand crutches were used as assistive devices. Each subject was trai ned in the use of both FES and LLB in seven standardized upright mobility a ctivities: stand and reach, high transfer, toilet transfer, floor to stand, 6-meter walk, stair ascent, and stair descent. Main Outcome Measures: For each mobility activity, five repeated measures o f level of independence, using the 7-point Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale, and time to completion were recorded for each intervention. Su bjects were also asked which intervention they preferred. Results: For 94% of comparisons, subjects required equal (70%) or less (24% ) assistance using FES as compared with LLB. Six of the seven mobility acti vities required less time to complete using FES, two activities at signific ant levels. The FES system was preferred in 62% of the cases, LLB were desi red 27% of the time, and there was no preference in 11% of the cases. Conclusions: The FES system generally provided equal or greater independenc e in seven mobility activities as compared with LLB, provided faster sit-to -stand times, and was preferred over LLB in a majority of cases. Follow-up evaluations of both modes of upright mobility are needed to compare long-te rm performance and satisfaction. (C) 1999 by the American Congress of Rehab ilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabi litation.