Ticks feeding on humans: a review of records on human-biting Ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission

In this article, literature records of argasid and ixodid ticks feeding on humans worldwide are provided in view of increased awareness of risks assoc iated with tick bites. Ticks can cause paralyses, toxicoses, allergic react ions and are vectors of a broad range of viral, rickettsial, bacterial and protozoan pathogens. Approximately 12 argasid species (Argas and Ornithodos ) are frequently found attached to humans who intrude into tick-infested ca ves and burrows. Over 20 ixodid tick species are often found on humans expo sed to infested vegetation: four of these are Amblyomma species, 7 Dermacen tor spp., 3 Haemaphysalis spp., 2 Hyalomma spp. and 6 Ixodes species. Perso nal protection methods, such as repellents and acaricide-impregnated clothi ng are advised to minimize contact with infected ticks. Acaricidal control of ixodid ticks is impractical because of their wide distribution in forest ed areas, but houses infested with soft ticks can be sprayed with acaricida l formulations. Attached ticks should be removed without delay. The best wa y is to grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible with fine tweezers and pull firmly and steadily without twisting. Finally, despite the fact th at most people who are bitten destroy the offending tick in disgust, it is recommended that they preserve specimens in ethanol for taxonomic identific ation and detection of pathogens by molecular methods.