Comet, TUNEL, and annexin V assays were used to identify DNA fragmentation
and plasma membrane alterations occurring during staurosporine-induced apop
tosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. TUNEL assay detected apoptotic cells
after 6 h treatment. The occurrence of annexin V immunofluorescence stainin
g after 1 h treatment confirms that exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) res
idues is an early biochemical feature of apoptosis. According to intensity,
three annexin staining patterns were distinguished, related to different s
teps in the apoptotic process. The detection of highly damaged cells by the
comet assay after 3 h treatment occurred earlier than the detection of DNA
modifications by the TUNEL assay, but later than the exposure of PS residu
es. However, late apoptotic cells, otherwise characterized by plas ma membr
ane disruption and high annexin V staining, were not detected by the comet
assay. In this case, comet assay modified by omitting electrophoresis (halo
assay) was more sensitive for an accurate quantification of the apoptotic
fraction.