The use of timing behaviors in animals and humans to detect drug and/or toxicant effects

Behavioral paradigms applicable for use in both human and nonhuman subjects for investigating aspects of timing behavior are presented with a view tow ards exploring their strengths, weaknesses, and utility in a variety of exp erimental situations. Tri-peak, peak interval, differential reinforcement o f low rate responding, and temporal response differentiation procedures are highlighted. In addition, the application of timing tasks in preclinical a nd clinical settings is discussed: pharmacological manipulations are provid ing information on the neurotransmitters involved and species differences; normative data for children are being developed; and noninvasive imaging pr ocedures are being employed in adult human subjects to explore the involvem ent of specific brain areas. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved .