Posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: Impact on general health outcome and early risk assessment

Objective: To evaluate prospectively components of general health outcome a fter trauma and to report on the further validation of the Michigan Critica l Events Perception Scale (MCEPS), an instrument that predicts increased ri sk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Adults without neurologic injury admitted to a Level I trauma cent er in 1997 were interviewed during hospitalization. Baseline data included demographics, injury mechanism, Injury Severity Score, the Short Form 36 (S F36), and the MCEPS, which measures peri-traumatic dissociation (the sense of depersonalization or derealization during an injury event). Surveys sent by mail and completed 6 months later included the SF36 and civilian Missis sippi Scale for PTSD, Results: A total of 140 patients were interviewed; the 70% (n = 100 patient s) who completed the 6-month assessment form the study group. Injuries were categorized as 71% blunt, 13% penetrating, and 16% burn. Mean Injury Sever ity Score was 13.7 +/- 0.52. PTSD at 6 months occurred in 42% of the patien ts and was directly related to MCEPS dissociation (p = 0.001; odds ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.6, 5.9), A stepwise linear regression expla ins 40% of the variance in 6-month SF36 general health outcome (adjusted R- 2 = 0.402). The model controls for individual factors related to dissociati on, PTSD, and general health outcome, Development of PTSD was independently and inversely related to general health outcome as measured by the SF36 at 6 months (p < 0.001, beta = -0.404), The R-2 change of 0.132 for PTSD (vs, 0.082 for 6-month physical function) illustrates that PTSD contributes mor e to the patient's perceived general health at 6 months than the degree of physical function or injury severity. Conclusions: Within hours of injury, the MCEPS identifies patients who are three times more likely to develop PTSD, PTSD compromises self-reported gen eral health outcome in injured adults independent of baseline status, Injur y Severity Score, or degree of physical recovery. These data suggest that p sychological morbidity is an important part of the patient's perceived gene ral health.