We studied the effects of cyclosporine A (CsA) on the proliferation of LLC-
PK1 proximal tubule epithelial cells. DNA damage was found to be an early e
vent in CsA nephrotoxicity and could be a sensitive indicator of CsA injury
in renal epithelial cells. Cell cycle arrest induced by CsA was coincident
with elevated p53 levels. It is possible that trans-activating p21 may med
iate the halting of the cell cycle through the CsA-induced accumulation of
p53.