We discuss charge exchange and excitation phenomena during the scattering o
f fast atoms and ions from the surface of an insulator under a grazing angl
e of incidence. We show that the electronic structure of an insulator targe
t, comprising an electronic band gap, affects charge exchange, excitation,
and projectile energy loss in a characteristic manner. (C) 1999 Elsevier Sc
ience B.V. All rights reserved.