Recent studies have shown that patients with heart failure overexpress a cl
ass of biologically active molecules, generically referred to as pro-inflam
matory cytokines. This article will review recent clinical and experimental
material that suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necro
sis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6
) may play a role in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. In addit
ion, we will review recent studies that suggest that antagonizing cytokines
may represent a novel target for heart failure therapy.