Path-loss prediction model for microcells

Empirical path-loss formulas for microcells in low-rise and high-rise envir onments are established from measurements conducted in the San Francisco Ba y area. Using the I-km intercepts and slope indexes of the least square fit lines to the measurements at cellular and personal communication services (PCS's) frequencies for three base station heights, simple analytic express ions are obtained. Separate formulas are presented for environments of low buildings and for the high-rise urban core. Following the formula developme nt processes for individual test routes, in low-building environments, a si ngle nonline-of-sight (non-LOS) formula that is applicable to all non-LOS r outes is derived. Due to the anisotropic property of wave propagation, ceh shape of microcells is no longer circular. As examples, cell shape is prese nted when base stations are on the street in the middle of a block and when they are placed in the backyard.