Increased use of voluntary programs for environmental protection as an alte
rnative to mandatory approaches raises the issue of the relative efficiency
of the two approaches. This paper analyzes the efficiency of voluntary pro
grams relative to mandatory programs in agriculture. Under the voluntary pr
ogram producers adopt a land conservation practice and, in turn, the govern
ment provides technical and financial assistance. The voluntary program is
more efficient than a program that mandates adoption if and only if the dea
dweight losses of government expenditures under the voluntary program are l
ess than the difference between private and public costs of government serv
ices plus the additional implementation costs of the mandatory program. Thi
s necessary and sufficient condition is more likely to be satisfied when (a
) the deadweight loss from raising government revenue is zero or small, (b)
government services are less rival, (c) the costs of government services a
re lower than what farmers would have to pay for equivalent private service
s, (d) the number of farms in the program is large, and (e) the saving in i
mplementation costs under the voluntary program is large and increases rapi
dly with program acreage. (C) 1999 Academic Press.