Ss. Greenberg et al., Effects of ethanol on neutrophil recruitment and lung host defense in nitric oxide synthase I and nitric oxide synthase II knockout mice, ALC CLIN EX, 23(9), 1999, pp. 1435-1445
Background: Ethanol (ETOH) inhibits Escherichia coli endotoxin [lipopolysac
charide (LPS)]-mediated induction of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) trans
cription and translation in macrophages and neutrophils [polymorphonuclear
(PMN) cells] within the lung. ETOH also inhibits PMN recruitment into the l
ung and enhances NOS I-mediated production of NO. The contribution of the i
ndividual NOS isozymes to ETOH-mediated suppression of the host defense res
ponse to lung infection has not been defined.
Methods: We evaluated the role of constitutive NOS I and NOS II in ETOH-med
iated inhibition of PMN recruitment into the lung and ETOH-mediated suppres
sion of lung clearance of inhaled Klebsiella pneumonia (K: pneumoniae) in f
emale, homozygous transgenic mice deficient in the genes for NOS I (nNOS-KO
) or NOS II (iNOS-KO) and their wild-type controls (WT).
Results: Four hours after intratracheal administration of LPS or aerosol in
halation of IL pneumoniae, the lung content of PMNs obtained by bronchoalve
olar lavage from WT mice was significantly reduced when compared with that
obtained from the lungs of nNOS-KO and iNOS-KO mice. Pretreatment of WT mic
e with the NOS ii inhibitor L-N6-iminoethyllysine (L-NIL; 10 mg/kg, ip) or
with the NOS I inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) (10, 25, or 40 mg/kg, ip) 3
0 min before LPS administration enhanced the lung content of PMNs recoverab
le by bronchoalveolar lavage. However, pretreatment of iNOS-KO with L-ML di
d not affect lung recruitment of PMNs. Moreover, administration of 25 or 40
mg/kg, ip of 7-NI to nNOS-KO mice resulted in death of all the animals wit
hin 10 min. Pretreatment of nNOS-KO with 7-NI (10 mg/kg) did not affect LPS
-stimulated PMN recruitment. Pretreatment of mice with ETOH (4.5 g/kg, ip)
produced a greater inhibition of LPS-stimulated lung recruitment of PMNs in
iNOS-KO mice than in WT mice. In contrast, pretreatment of nNOS-KO with ET
OH produced little inhibition of LPS-stimulated lung recruitment of PMNs wh
en compared with that measured in WT mice. Finally, 4 hr after aerosol inha
lation of It pneumoniae, lung clearance of this bacteria was enhanced in iN
OS-KO when compared with WT and inhibited in nNOS-KO when compared with WT
mice. ETOH-mediated suppression of lung clearance of It pneumoniae was unaf
fected in nNOS-KO mice and enhanced in the iNOS-KO mice, when compared with
that obtained in WT mice. ETOH-stimulated the production of NOS I-derived
nitrate and nitrite production by rat brain and lung and inhibited LPS-indu
ced NOS II mRNA, protein, and production of nitrate and nitrite anion. Fina
lly, inhibition of NOS I and NOS I deletion inhibited the in vivo metabolis
m of ETOH.
Conclusions: We conclude that constitutive NOS I is involved in protection
of the lung from stressor-induced lung injury. NOS I within the PMNs may li
mit PMN recruitment into the lung. Speculatively, NOS II-derived NO may als
o limit PMN-induced lung damage at the expense of a slower clearance of the
bacterial burden.