Prothrombotic state and elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in mitral stenosis with and without atrial fibrillation

Patients with mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm are in a prothrombotic state and have fibrinolytic dysfunction, shown by an increase in levels of the in hibitor of tissue plasminogen activator, D-dimer, and modified antithrombin III. This state may be observed even in patients without dilated left atri a (diameter less than or equal to 45 mm).