Proximate factors associated with high levels of extraconsort fertilization in polygynous grey seals

Behavioural estimates of male mating success in polygynous grey seals, Hali choerus grypus, may be misleading as females are known to be promiscuous. A t Sable island, Nova Scotia, we collected behavioural observations and skin samples for paternity analysis from 56 females and their attending males. Twenty-four of these females were found in the following year and their off spring were sampled. Using seven hypervariable microsatellite loci, we excl uded the consort male as the father in 43% of the cases. The probability of exclusion of these seven loci was 98.2%. Contrary to expectations, inland females had higher rates of extraconsort fertilizations (ECFs) (70%) than b each females (23%). Younger females (<9 years) had slightly more ECFs than older females, but this was not significant. The duration of male consortsh ip did not differ between females with ECFs and females fertilized by their consort male. Two explanations may account for the inland females having m ore ECFs: a higher ratio of females to tenured males inland may provide a g reater opportunity for nonconsort males to obtain copulations; and inland f emales travel greater distances to depart for the ocean and may attract mor e males. These results are more consistent with the hypothesis that ECFs ar e a by-product for females of male strategies to maximize reproductive succ ess than with hypotheses concerned with either material or genetic benefits gained by females. (C) 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behavi our.