As. De Vany et Wd. Walls, Cointegration analysis of spot electricity prices: insights on transmission efficiency in the western US, ENERG ECON, 21(5), 1999, pp. 435-448
The US Energy Policy Act of 1992 promoted the development of spot markets f
or electric power by requiring utilities to open their transmission systems
to wholesale power sales. In this paper, we specify and estimate a vector
error correction model using peak and off-peak electricity spot prices duri
ng 1994-1996 covering II regional markets in the western United States and
test these prices for evidence of market integration. The results show evid
ence of an efficient and stable wholesale power market. (C) 1999 Elsevier S
cience B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classifications: L94; Q4.