C. Christophe-hobertus et al., Critical residues of the homeodomain involved in contacting DNA bases alsospecify the nuclear accumulation of thyroid transcription factor-1, EUR J BIOCH, 265(1), 1999, pp. 491-497
The N-terminal end of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) homeodomain is
composed of a stretch of five basic amino-acids that is conserved in both
POU- and NK2-class homeodomains and constitutes a functional nuclear locali
zation signal. By analyzing the cellular distribution of fusion proteins, c
omposed of a jellyfish green fluorescent variant and different parts of TTF
-1, we show hers that the presence of this basic sequence is not sufficient
by itself to confer complete nuclear accumulation. By mutagenesis, we iden
tified a second region located in the center of the DNA recognition helix o
f the homeodomain that is also able to specify a predominantly nuclear loca
lization of the chimeric proteins, independently of the presence of the bas
ic NLS. The destruction, by mutagenesis, of both the basic stretch and the
motif in the DNA recognition helix led to the total loss of nuclear accumul
ation, indicating that complete nuclear accumulation of TTF-1 results from
the concerted action of these two proteic signals. Both of the regions of t
he homeodomain that are involved in nuclear targeting also encompass critic
al amino-acids responsible for DNA binding site recognition, as evidenced b
y the loss of DNA binding activity in vitro upon mutagenesis. Specifically,
residues in the central part of the DNA recognition helix are involved in
contacting bases in the major groove of DNA and are the most conserved in h
omeodomain proteins, suggesting that this part of the homeodomain could pla
y a general role in the nuclear localization of members of this family of p
roteins.