Jm. Hipfner et al., Seasonal declines in replacement egg-layings in a long-lived, Arctic seabird: costs of late breeding or variation in female quality?, J ANIM ECOL, 68(5), 1999, pp. 988-998
1. In many species of birds, the proportion of females that relays after lo
sing their first clutch varies. Replacement clutches can make important con
tributions to an individual's lifetime reproductive success, so the decisio
n on whether or not to relay may have significant consequences for fitness.
2. Many studies report that female birds of 'high quality' (e.g. older and
more experienced) were more likely to relay following clutch loss, and that
the proportion of females that relaid declined as the breeding season prog
ressed. High quality females tend to nest early, and may be less likely to
lose their clutches. As a result, it is unclear whether few females relay l
ate in the season because there are prohibitive costs associated with late
breeding, or because those females that lay and lose their eggs late are of
low quality, and therefore incapable of relaying,
3. We examined the roles of dare and quality in causing seasonal declines i
n replacement layings in Brunnich's guillemot [Uria lomvia (Linnaeus)], a l
ong-lived, Arctic marine bird that lays a one-egg clutch. At two low-arctic
colonies in eastern Canada in 1996 and 1997, the single egg was experiment
ally removed from samples of early-laying pairs (presumably those of high q
uality) at 3-day intervals beginning on the median laying date and ending 1
2 days later.
4. In the general population, the proportion of pairs that relaid following
natural egg loss declined with the date of loss. In contrast, the proporti
on of experimental pairs that relaid remained high irrespective of the date
their egg was removed. These results support the quality hypothesis, but n
ot the date hypothesis. We conclude that seasonal declines in replacement l
ayings occurred primarily because increasing proportions of low quality fem
ales lost eggs as the season advanced.
5. The experimental pairs also suffered no overt reduction in reproductive
success as a result of the delay, at least up to the time that their chicks
departed to sea. This suggests that timing of breeding had little effect o
n the immediate success of more capable pairs. 6. Our results may have impo
rtant implications about the seasonality of low-Arctic marine environments,
and the life histories of birds that inhabit them.