Jj. Hage et al., GENDER-CONFIRMING FACIAL SURGERY - CONSIDERATIONS ON THE MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY OF FACES, Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 99(7), 1997, pp. 1799-1807
While aesthetic facial surgery performed for reasons of undesired faci
al masculinity or femininity has had some attention in the literature,
there is a lack of information on gender-confirming facial surgery as
part of an overall surgical sex reassignment program. In this paper w
e try to capture some of the sex differences, respectively, of skeleto
n, musculature and other subcutaneous soft tissues, integument, and fr
ame of the face. From this, we come to a description of some general d
ifferences of facial appearance between the sexes. In restructuring th
e skeletal architecture and facial proportions to match the desired ge
nder, these factors should be taken into account.