The stress-reaction process and the adaptive modification and reorganization of neuronal networks

On the basis of a comprehensive definition of the stress-reaction process ( SRP), the neurobiological and psychological consequences of this process, w hich are elicited by either controllable or uncontrollable stress, are desc ribed. We conclude that controllable stress triggers the stabilization and facilitation of neuronal networks involved in the generation of appropriate patterns of appraisal and coping, whereas uncontrollable stress favors the extinction of inappropriate patterns and the reorganization of neuronal co nnections underlying certain inappropriate behaviors. Both controllable and uncontrollable stress-reaction processes are therefore inherent challenges to the development and essential prerequisites of the adaptation of an ind ividual's behavior to the demands of the ever-changing external world. The overabundance, as well as the lack, of either kind of SRP may lead to diffe rent psychodevelopmental failures and psychiatric disturbances. (C) 1999 El sevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.