F. Castelli et al., Estimation of surface heat flux and an index of soil moisture using adjoint-state surface energy balance, WATER RES R, 35(10), 1999, pp. 3115-3125
Estimates of surface heat flux and an index of the surface control over eva
poration are made based on radiometric observations of ground temperature.
A variational data assimilation approach is used to include surface energy
balance in the estimation procedure as a physical constraint (the adjoint t
echnique). This technique formulates the estimation problem as a minimizati
on of ground temperature forecast misfits against observations. The surface
energy balance equation is incorporated as a physical constraint. Applicat
ions to the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project
Field Experiment (FIFE) are presented. The procedure estimates of the surfa
ce control over latent heat flux match those values based on independent la
tent heat flux measurements. The estimates of surface heat flux, when compa
red with measurements, have a root-mean-square error of 20 W m(-2). The nee
d to discriminate between soil wetness and aerodynamic contributions to the
surface control over evaporation is recognized.