Palaeolama (Hemiauchenia) niedae nov. sp., from Northeastern Brazil and its' place among the South American Lamini.

Two species of Palaeolama were found within the Sao Raimundo Nonato Archaeo logical Area (Piaui, Brazil). The slender Palaeolama major, which was first described from Lagoa Santa remains, has been found at the Toca do Serrote do Artur. Palaeolama niedae nov. sp. is a very large species with short che ek teeth and particularly tall but robust limb bones. P. niedae, very abund ant namely in the sites of Toca do Garrincho and Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao, seems to be one of the most important herbivores in the intertro pical part of South America during the Uppermost Pleistocene. Both are to b e placed among Hemiauchenia, which is no more than a subgenus from Palaeola ma. A revision of the Camelids from the Middle Pleistocene Bolivian site of Tarija allows us to identify four sympatric Camelids: Palaeolama weddelli, the gigantic form I? hoffstetteri nov. sp.,Vicugna provicugna, probable an cestor of Vicugna vicugna and "Lama" gracilis, andLama castelnaudi -a possi ble ancestor for the recent llamas (conspecific with guanicoes)- and alpaca s.