The effect of drug-injection behavior on genetic evolution of HIV-1

The effect of injection-drug use on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HI V-1) env genetic evolution was examined in 15 seroconverting injection-drug users followed up for 4 years. After adjustment for non-drug-related indep endent variables significantly associated with genetic diversity (time sinc e seroconversion and progressor status), injection frequency was positively and highly significantly associated with HIV-1 env genetic diversity (P = .003). The mutation rate in those who had injected at least once a day duri ng the previous 6 months was estimated to be 62% greater than the rate in t hose who had not injected at all. If the positive effect of drug-injection frequency on env genetic diversity extends to the HIV-1 pol gene, the risk of emergence of resistance to antiretroviral drugs may be enhanced by incre ased drug-injection frequency, especially under the selection pressure of a ntiretroviral therapy.