An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismaticleadership theories

Theories of transformational and charismatic leadership provide important i nsights about the nature of effective leadership. However, most of the theo ries have conceptual weaknesses that reduce their capacity to explain effec tive leadership. The conceptual weaknesses are identified here and refineme nts are suggested. The issue of compatibility between transformational and charismatic leadership is also discussed. Finally, some methodological prob lems involving construct validation and theory testing are identified, and suggestions for future research are provided.