Variability of cloud vertical structure during ASTEX observed from a combination of rawinsonde, radar, ceilometer, and satellite

The macroscale cloud vertical structure (CVS), including cloud-base and -to p heights and layer thickness, and characteristics of multilayered clouds, is studied at Porto Santo Island during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transiti on Experiment (ASTEX) by using rawinsonde, radar, ceilometer, and satellite data. The comparisons of CVS parameters obtained from four different appro aches show that 1) by using the method developed by Wang and Rossow rawinso nde observations (raob's) can sample all low clouds and determine their bou ndaries accurately, but oversample low clouds by about 10%, mistaking clear moist layers for clouds; 2) cloud-base heights less than 200 m in the rada r data are ambiguous, but can be replaced by the values measured by ceilome ter; and 3) the practical limit on the accuracy of marine boundary layer cl oud-top heights retrieved from satellites appears to be about 150-300 m mai nly due to errors in specifying the atmospheric temperature and humidity in the inversion layer above the cloud. The vertical distribution of clouds a t Porto Santo during ASTEX is dominated by low clouds below 3 km, a cloud-f ree Layer between 3 and 4 km, and similar to 20% high clouds with a peak oc currence around 7-8 km. tow clouds have mean base and top heights of 1.0 km and 1.4 km, respectively, and occur as single layers 90% of the time. For double-layered low clouds, the tops of the uppermost layers and the bases o f the lowermost layers have similar distributions as those of single-layere d clouds. The temporal variations of low clouds during ASTEX are apparently dominated by advecting mesoscale (20-200 km) horizontal variations. Cohere nt time variations are predominately synoptic (timescale 4.5-6.8 days) and diurnal variability. On the diurnal timescale, all cloud properties show ma xims in the early morning (around 0530 LST) decreasing to minima in the lat e afternoon. Diurnal variations appear to be altered when high clouds are p resent above low clouds. The general characteristics of CVS in three ASTEX and the First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE87) regions derived from a 20- yr rawinsonde dataset are also presented. The results suggest that CVS char acteristics obtained from data collected at Porto Santo during ASTEX (June 1992) are not representative of other marine stratiform cloud regions.