Relative and attributable risks for moderate to profound bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment associated with lower birth weight in children 3 to 10 years old

Objective. To determine the prevalence, relative risks, and attributable fr actions for congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment in relati on to lower birth weight among children born in the 1980s and living in the metropolitan Atlanta area from 1991 through 1993. Methods. We used the population-based, active case ascertainment Metropolit an Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program that conducts su rveillance in the five-county metropolitan Atlanta area. Hearing impairment was defined as a bilateral, pure-tone hearing loss at frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz averaging 40 dBs or more, unaided, in the better ear. Cas e children, 3 to 10 years of age, with sensorineural loss of presumed conge nital origin were included in these analyses (n = 172). Prevalence rates an d relative risks were computed for various birth weight categories by heari ng level, sex, race, the presence or absence of coexisting developmental di sabilities, and gestational age. Attributable fractions were calculated for low birth weight and very low birth weight children by race. Results. The overall prevalence rate of presumed congenital bilateral senso rineural hearing impairment was 5.3 cases per 10 000 3-year survivors. The prevalence was 4.1 per 10 000 among children weighing greater than or equal to 4000 g, 3.7 per 10 000 among those weighing 3000 to 3999 g, 6.6 per 10 000 among those 2500 to 2999 g, 12.7 per 10 000 among those 1500 to 2499 g, and 51.0 per 10 000 among those <1500 g. There was virtually no difference in birth weight-specific rates of hearing impairment across three hearing levels. The presence of coexisting developmental disabilities was associate d with a much stronger inverse trend with birth weight. Black children weig hing <2500 g had much higher rates of hearing impairment than comparable wh ite children. The overall percentage of moderate to profound congenital bil ateral sensorineural hearing loss in the entire study population that was a ttributable to children weighing <2500 g or <1500 g was estimated to be 18. 9% and 9.4%, respectively. Prematurity did not alter the magnitude of risk among children weighing <2500 g. Conclusions. The results presented here provide recent estimates of the rat es, relative risks, and attributable fractions for congenital bilateral sen sorineural hearing impairment by birth weight among children in the United States. The elevated relative risks among children weighing 2500 to 2999 g and 1500 to 2499 g may have implications for future newborn hearing screeni ng criteria.