Selection and characterization of HIV-1 variants resistant to the (+) and (-) enantiomers of 2 '-deoxy-3 '-oxa-4 '-thiocytidine (dOTC)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants were selected for resi stance against the (+) and (-) enantiomers of a novel nucleoside analogue, 5'-deoxy-3'-oxa-4'-thiocytidine (dOTC), using the infectious molecular clon e HXB2D grown in the MT-4 line of human T cells. The variants selected with (+) dOTC were approximately 6-7-fold less sensitive than wild-type virus t o this drug. Cloning and sequencing of the complete reverse transcriptase ( RT) coding region of these variants identified the M1841 mutation and furth er selection with virus containing the M1841 substitution led to the appear ance of an M1841 mutation. In contrast, selection experiments performed wit h (-) dOTC yielded variants capable of growing in drug concentrations as hi gh as 100 mu M, but phenotypic analysis of these viruses revealed near wild -type 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for this compound. Site-di rected mutagenesis experiments in which the M1841 and M184V mutations were introduced into HXB2D confirmed the importance of these mutations when viru ses were grown in MT4 cells. However, wildtype IC50 values in regard to bot h (-) and (+) dOTC were obtained when these recombinant viruses were grown in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC). Clinical isolates of HIV-1 resistan t to lamivudine and containing the M184V substitution also displayed low-le vel resistance to both (-) and (+) dOTC when grown in CBMC. Finally, cell-f ree RT assays were performed in the presence of either (-) dOTC triphosphat e, (+) dOTC triphosphate, or the triphosphate of a racemic mixture of (+) a nd (-) dOTC with wild-type and mutated M184V-containing recombinant RT. The data demonstrate chain termination effects of these compounds with regard to both wild-type and mutated enzyme and that the latter was approximately twofold less sensitive than the former to these drugs.