T. Steinmetzer et al., Design and evaluation of novel bivalent thrombin inhibitors based on amidinophenylalanines, EUR J BIOCH, 265(2), 1999, pp. 598-605
Two bivalent thrombin inhibitors were synthesized, which consist of a benza
midine-based active-site-blocking segment, a fibrinogen recognition exosite
inhibitor and a peptidic linker connecting these fragments. BZA-1 hirulog
contains an N-alpha-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-S-3-amidinophenylalanyl-isonipecot
ic acid residue connected via the carboxyl group to the linker segment. The
active-site-directed moiety of BZA-2 hirulog [N-alpha-(2-naphthylsulfonyl-
glutamyl)-R-4-amidinophenylalanyl-piperidide] was coupled to the linker via
the side chain of the glutamic acid. Both BZA-hirulogs contain almost iden
tical linker-exo site inhibitor parts, except for the substitution of a gly
cine as the first linker residue in BZA-1 hirulog by a gamma-amino butyric
acid in BZA-2 hirulog, thus increasing flexibility and linker length by two
additional atoms. BZA-1 hirulog showed moderate potency (K-i = 0.50 +/- 0.
14 nM), while BZA-2 hirulog was characterized as a slow, tight binding inhi
bitor of thrombin (K-i = 0.29 +/- 0.08 pM). The stability in human plasma o
f both analogs was strongly improved compared with hirulog-1. For BZA-2 hir
ulog a significantly reduced plasma clearance was observed after intravenou
s injection in rats compared with BZA-1 hirulog and hirulog-1. The X-ray st
ructure of the BZA-2 hirulog in complex with human alpha-thrombin was solve
d and confirmed the expected bivalent binding mode.