Augmentative release trials with Metaphycus spp. (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) against citricola scale (Homoptera : Coccidae) in California's San Joaquin Valley

In recent years, citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Homopt era: Coccidae), has re-emerged as an important pest of citrus in California 's San Joaquin Valley. We seek a biological control solution to citricola s cale's pest status as part of an evolving, ecologically based integrated pe st management (IPM) program for citrus. We report on augmentative release t rials against citricola scale involving 4 species of Metaphycus (Hymenopter a: Encyrtidae)-M. flavus (Howard), M. helvolus (Compere), M. luteolus (Timb erlake), and M. stanleyi Compere. We released these parasitoids against sle eve-caged citricola scales in a San Joaquin Valley citrus grove. Releases w ere made on 3 dates (hereinafter "early," "intermediate," and "late" releas e dates), each date representing scales of different size, all between 1 an d 1.5 mm in length. Two to 4 of the parasitoid species were released on any of the dates. Relative to a control (no parasitoid release), the M. flavus treatments (2 densities were released) provided the greatest degree of red uction in scale numbers in the early release (from >3,600 to <5 per cage), while M. helvolus had an intermediate effect. In the intermediate release, M. flavus again provided the greatest reduction in scale numbers (from >2,0 00 to <6 per cage), followed by M. luteolus, whereas M. stanleyi did not di ffer from the control. In the late release, all parasitoid treatments (M. f lavus M. helvolus, M. luteolus, and M. stanleyi) provided similar degrees o f reduction in scale numbers (from approximate to 1,150 to approximate to 6 per cage) relative to the control. We discuss the relevance of citricola s cale's size at the time of parasitoid release to the results obtained with each of the parasitoid treatments on each of the release dates. In addition , we discuss the perceived impact of hyperparasitism by a facultative autop arasitoid, Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker), on our results. We conclude that citricola scale's size at the time of release is particularly important for deciding which parasitoid(s) to release, and that M. flavus and M. luteolu s are the most promising parasitoids, among those currently available to us , for further research toward developing augmentative biological control ta ctics against citricola scale.