Head-controlled laparoscopy: Experiment, prototype, and preliminary results

Depth perception is closely linked to the ability to explore. Previously de scribed laboratory experiments showed the advantage of linking the motions of the laparoscope directly to the head movements of the surgeon. Additiona lly, it was found that the laparoscope should be mechanically supported ins tead of manually (by an assistant). This article describes three stages in the design and evaluation of a practical mechanism with which to link the m otions of the laparoscope directly to the head movements of the surgeon. Fi rst, a description is given of the perceptual and technical considerations. Second, a laboratory experiment is described investigating the validity of the proposed suggestions. Last, a prototype was built that was tested in a practical setting.