E. Hashino et al., Multiple actions of neurturin correlate with spatiotemporal patterns of ret expression in developing chick cranial ganglion neurons, J NEUROSC, 19(19), 1999, pp. 8476-8486
The neurotrophic effects of neurturin (NRTN) on chick cranial ganglia were
evaluated at various embryonic stages in vitro and related to its receptor
expression. NRTN promoted the outgrowth and survival of ciliary ganglion ne
urons at early embryonic (E) stages (E6-E12), trigeminal ganglion neurons a
t mid-stages (E9-E16), and vestibular ganglion neurons at late stages (E12-
E16). NRTN had no positive effects on cochlear ganglion neurons throughout
development. In accordance with the time and order of onset in NRTN respons
iveness, Ret protein was first detected in ciliary ganglia at E6, subsequen
tly in trigeminal ganglia at E9, and in vestibular ganglia at E12. Ret was
absent in E16 ciliary ganglia as well as in cochlear ganglia at all develop
mental stages that were tested. Exogenous application of retinoic acid indu
ced NRTN responsiveness and Ret protein expression from E9 vestibular gangl
ion neurons, suggesting that retinoic acid can regulate Ret protein express
ion in peripheral sensory neurons in vitro. Ret was confined to the neuron
cell body, whereas GFR alpha was localized predominantly in peripheral and
central neurite processes. No noticeable change in GFR alpha expression was
seen in any cranial ganglia throughout the developmental stages that were
tested (E6-E16). These results demonstrate that NRTN exerts neurotrophic ef
fects on different cranial ganglia at different developmental stages and th
at the onset and offset of NRTN responsiveness are regulated mainly by the
spatiotemporal patterns of Ret, but not of GFR alpha receptors. The results
also substantiate the recently emerging view that NRTN may be an essential
target-derived neurotrophic factor for parasympathetic neurons during deve
lopment.