The mechanisms leading to degeneration of melanized dopaminergic neurons in
the brain stem, and particularly in the substantia nigra zona compacta (SN
ZC) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are still unknown. Demonstrat
ion of increased iron Fe(III) in SNZC of PD brain has suggested that Fe-mel
anin interaction may contribute to oxidative neuronal damage. Energy disper
sive X-ray electron microscopic analysis of the cellular distribution of tr
ace elements revealed significant Fe-peaks, similar to those of a synthetic
melanin-Fe(III) complex in intracytoplasmic electron-dense neuromelanin gr
anules of SNZC neurons, with highest levels in a case of PD and Alzheimer's
disease (AD). No Fe increase was found in Lewy bodies or in SN neurons of
control specimens. The relevance of chemical reactions of dopamine (DA), 5-
hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA), and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) with Fe(III) and w
ith dioxygen for the pathogenesis of PD was investigated. An initiating mec
hanism related to interaction between Fe and neuromelanin is suggested whic
h results in accumulation of Fe(III) and a continuous production of cytotox
ic species inducing a cascade of pathogenic reactions ultimately leading to
neuronal death.