Exhumation of the Tauern window, Eastern Alps

The exhumation of metamorphic domes within orogenic belts is exemplified by the Tauern window in the Eastern Alps. There, the exhumation is related to partitioning of final orogenic shortening into deep-seated thrusts, near-s urface antiformal bending forming brachyanticlines, and almost orogen-paral lel strike-slip faults due to oblique continental plate collision. Crustal thickening by formation of an antiformal stack within upper to middle crust al portions of the lower lithosphere is a prerequisite of late-stage orogen ic window formation. Low-angle normal faults at releasing steps of crustal- scale strike-slip faults accomodate tectonic unloading of synchronously thi ckened crust and extension along strike of the orogen, forming pull-apart m etamorphic domes. Initiation of low-angle normal faults is largely controll ed by rock rheology, especially at the brittle-ductile transitional level w ithin the lithosphere. Several mechanisms may contribute to uplift and exhu mation of previously buried crust within such a setting: (1) Shortening alo ng deep-seated blind thrusts results in the formation of brachyanticlines a nd bending of metamorphic isograds; (2) oversteps of strike-slip faults wit hin the wrench zone control the final geometry of the window; (3) unloading by tectonic unroofing and erosional denudation; and (4) vertical extrusion of crustal scale wedges. Rapid decompression of previously buried crust re sults in nearly isothermal exhumation paths, and enhanced fluid circulation along subvertical tensile fractures (hydrothermal ore and silicate veins) that formed due to overall coaxial stretching of lower plate crust. (C) 199 9 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.