Definition of subsurface stratigraphy, structure and rock properties from 3-D seismic data

This paper summarizes how three-dimensional (3-D) seismic technology is bei ng used, primarily in the petroleum industry, to define subsurface structur e, stratigraphy and rock properties. A 3-D seismic data volume: (a) provide s a more accurate image of the subsurface than can be obtained with 2-D sei smic methods; (b) is continuous, and so has a much greater spatial sampling than is obtained with 2-D seismic or other subsurface data (e.g., wells); and (c) can be viewed and interpreted interactively from a variety of persp ectives, thus enhancing the interpreter's ability to generate an accurate d escription of subsurface features of interest. Seismic interpretation was o nce the almost exclusive realm of geophysicists, however, most 3-D seismic interpretation today is conducted by multidisciplinary teams that integrate geophysical, geological, petrophysical and engineering data and concepts i nto the 3-D seismic interpretation. These factors, plus proper survey desig n, help to increase the chances of success of a 3-D seismic interpretation project. Although there are cases where the technology is not appropriate o r cannot be applied (for economic reasons or otherwise), the general succes s of 3-D seismic has led it to become a mainstay of the petroleum industry. The approach and technology, first developed in that industry, have potent ial applications in other applied and fundamental earth science disciplines , including mining, environmental geology, structural geology and stratigra phy. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.