Studying visual cues in fish behavior: a review of ethological techniques

This paper reviews the variety of approaches available to fish ethologists to study the role of visual cues in fish behavior. Examples of studies that have used live fish, mirror images, dummies (i.e. models), or video playba ck as stimuli to investigate fish behavior are described and discussed. The se examples represent a diversity of functional categories of behavior exhi bited by fishes, including aggression, courtship, aggregation, or schooling behavior, parent-offspring, predator-prey, and cleaner-host interactions. The specific techniques that fish biologists have used to control or manipu late body shape, size, posture, morphological structures, color, marking pa tterns, or movement are systematically discussed, and the importance of eac h of these visual features to fish behavior is documented through examples. Studies that have used these techniques to investigate the interaction bet ween visual and nonvisual cues are also considered. Each section encompassi ng a general experimental approach ends with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of that approach for studying fish behavior.