Discrimination of infectious and noninfectious causes of early acute respiratory distress syndrome by procalcitonin

Objective: To test the sepsis marker procalcitonin (PCT) for its applicabil ity to discriminate between septic and nonseptic causes of acute respirator y distress syndrome (ARDS). Design: Prospective study, assessing the course of PCT serum levels in earl y (within 72 hrs after onset) ARDS. The three other inflammation markers ne opterin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were tested in parallel. Setting: Twenty-four-bed medical intensive care unit of a 1,990-bed primary hospital, providing health care for an estimated 39,000 patients. Patients: Twenty-seven patients, 18 male and nine female, aged 16-85 yrs, w ith early ARDS of known cause (17 with septic and ten with nonseptic ARDS) were enrolled in a prospective study between May 1994 and May 1995. Interventions: Serum samples were drawn every 4-6 hrs for measurement of PC T, neopterin, IL-6, and CRP concentrations. Brood cultures, tracheal aspira tes, and urine samples were obtained every 12-24 hrs. In 24 of 27 patients, bronchoscopic cultures were also obtained. Clinical sepsis criteria as def ined by the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care M edicine Consensus Conference were checked daily. Measurements and Main Results: Assessment of inflammation marker serum leve ls in septic vs, nonseptic ARDS. PCT serum levels were significantly higher (p < .0005) in the patients with septic ARDS than in patients with nonsept ic ARDS within 72 hrs after onset of ARDS. There was no overlap between the two groups. Also, neopterin allowed a differentiation (p < .005), although a substantial overlap between serum levels of septic and nonseptic patient s was observed. No discrimination could be achieved by determination of GRP and IL-6 levels. Conclusion: PCT determination in early ARDS could help to discriminate betw een septic and nonseptic underlying disease.