Time course of chronic oral cadmium nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats: Excretion of urinary enzymes

Twelve male and female Wistar rats each received cadmium (as CdCl2)) in the ir diet at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 250 ppm for 72 weeks. After 1, 4, 8 13, 18 26, 32, 45 57 and 68 week a total of 8 enzymes from different c ellular compartments of the nephron were measured. At the end of the study period, the kidneys were examined histopathologically. Concentrations up to and including 50 ppm did not induce any adverse effect . At 250 ppm, growth of male and female animals was markedly retarded. Sign ificantly increased activities of the cytosolic phosphohexose isomerase wer e excreted by males and females receiving 250 ppm at all timepoints from we ek 13. The values of the mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase were mostly elevated from week I to 57, however, due to a wide scatter range, were only occasionally significantly different from control values. The brush border enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aryl amidase) were not changed in a relevant manner in female rats, while in 250 ppm males the excreted activity of ALP and LAP from week 1 to week 18 and that of GGT during the entire study period were significantly lower than th e control values. Excretion of the lysosomal enzymes aryl sulfatase A; beta -galactosidase, and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase was at no time influenc ed in a noteworthy manner. Histopathology after 72 weeks revealed chronic but also acute degenerative changes in the kidneys of 250 ppm males and females. A comparison of publis hed data on persons having undergone high cadmium exposure with the results presented here shows remarkable differences.