Ar. White et al., The Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein modulates copper-inducedtoxicity and oxidative stress in primary neuronal cultures, J NEUROSC, 19(21), 1999, pp. 9170-9179
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) of Alzheimer's disease can reduce coppe
r (II) to copper (I) in a cell-free system potentially leading to increased
oxidative stress in neurons. We used neuronal cultures derived from APP kn
ock-out (APP(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice to examine the role of APP in co
pper neurotoxicity. WT cortical, cerebellar, and hippocampal neurons were s
ignificantly more susceptible than their respective APP(-/-) neurons to tox
icity induced by physiological concentrations of copper but not by zinc or
iron. There was no difference in copper toxicity between APLP2(-/-) and WT
neurons, demonstrating specificity for APP-associated copper toxicity. Copp
er uptake was the same in WT and APP(-/-) neurons, suggesting APP may inter
act with copper to induce a localized increase in oxidative stress through
copper (I) production. This was supported by significantly higher levels of
copper-induced lipid peroxidation in WT neurons. Treatment of neuronal cul
tures with a peptide corresponding to the human APP copper-binding domain (
APP142-166) potentiated copper but not iron or zinc toxicity. Incubation of
APP142-166 with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and copper resulted in signi
ficantly increased lipid peroxidation compared to copper and LDL alone. Sub
stitution of the copper coordinating histidine residues with asparagines (A
PP142-166(H147N, H149N, H151N)) abrogated the toxic effects. A peptide corr
esponding to the zinc-binding domain (APP181-208) failed to induce copper o
r zinc toxicity in neuronal cultures. These data support a role for the APP
copper-binding domain in APP-mediated copper (I) generation and toxicity i
n primary neurons, a process that has important implications for Alzheimer'
s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.