Regulation of Wnt signaling by sox proteins: XSox17 alpha/beta and XSox3 physically interact with beta-catenin

Using a functional screen in Xenopus embryos, we identified a novel functio n for the HMG box protein XSox17 beta. Ectopic expression of XSox17 beta ve ntralizes embryos by inhibiting the Wnt pathway downstream of beta-catenin but upstream of the Wnt-responsive gene Siamois. XSox17 beta also represses transactivation of a TCF/LEF-dependent reporter construct by Wnt and beta- catenin. In animal cap experiments, it both activates transcription of endo dermal genes and represses beta-catenin-stimulated expression of dorsal gen es. The inhibition activity of XSox17 beta maps to a region C-terminal to t he HMG box; this region of XSox17 beta physically interacts with the Armadi llo repeats of beta-catenin. Two additional Sox proteins, XSox17 alpha and XSox3, likewise bind to beta-catenin and inhibit its TCF-mediated signaling activity. These results reveal an unexpected mechanism by which Sox protei ns can modulate Wnt signaling pathways.