Heavy water reactors and nuclear power plants in the USSR and Russia: Past, present, and future

The history of the development of heavy-water nuclear reactors and the asso ciated installations in the USSR and Russia is presented. Research reactors constructed at the ITEP and under the scientific direction of the ITEP in other countires (Yugoslavia), industrial heavy-water nuclear reactors, and the Maket zero-power reactor are described. Heavy-water gas-cooled reactors for nuclear powerplants are discussed in detail: the nuclear power plant w ith an A-I reactor constructed in Czechoslovakia, and the design of maximum -safety nuclear power plant. Electronuclear neutron generators and subcriti cal nuclear reactors and the possibility of using them for burning weapons plutonium are examined. The electronuclear neutron generator developed at t he ITEP is described.