Perception of future health risks in mid-aged women: estimates with and without behavioural changes and hormone replacement therapy

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are major causes of death for women , and osteoporosis negatively impacts upon the health and quality of life o f many older women. There is evidence that risk of developing these disease s is partially determined by lifestyle factors, such as physical activity, diet and smoking, as well as being influenced by hormonal changes during th e menopause. Participation in preventive strategies will be influenced by w omen's perceptions of the relative risks of developing these diseases, and beliefs about the effectiveness of the particular strategy. In this study, 103 mid-aged women were asked about their health and health behaviours and to estimate: (1) their future likelihood of developing CVD, osteoporosis an d breast cancer; and (2) their future likelihood of developing diseases (a) if they improved their health behaviours, and (b) if they used hormone rep lacement therapy (HRT) for 5 years. Women believed that improving their hea lth behaviours (diet, physical activity, smoking) would reduce their risks of CVD and osteoporosis, although modest reductions were expected. Breast c ancer was not seen as significantly modifiable by lifestyle changes. They b elieved that taking HRT would significantly reduce their risk of osteoporos is, increase their risk of breast cancer, but not alter their risk of devel oping CVD. The findings are considered in the context of health psychology models of behaviour change and have implications for health promotion for m id-aged women. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.