Changes in stroke volume cause change in cardiac output in neonates and infants when mean airway pressure is altered

Background: Based on early studies in the lamb, and in spite of more recent studies in humans, it has been the received opinion that neonates and infa nts can not change their stroke volume significantly, but are mainly depend ent on changes in heart rate, to change cardiac output. To further evaluate the relationship between cardiac output and stroke volume during mechanica l ventilation of neonates and infants, we have studied the effects on cardi ac output and stroke volume by two different ways of changing mean airway p ressure. Methods: In one group, mean airway pressure was decreased by using a patien t triggered mode: pressure support ventilation; in the other, mean airway p ressure was increased by increasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) . Changes in cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume were assessed wit h the Doppler technique, measuring blood flow velocity in the ascending aor ta. Results: Without a significant change in heart rate, we found a significant increase in cardiac output of +16 +/- 2% (P<0.01) with a decrease in mean airway pressure and a decrease in cardiac output of -13 +/- 4%, (P<0.02) wi th an increase in mean airway pressure, depicting a change in stroke volume of +17 +/- 2% (P<0.02) and -14 +/- 5%, (P<0.01) respectively. Conclusions: We conclude that neonates and infants are able to regulate car diac output by changing the stroke volume to a greater extent than presumed , at least when cardiac output is influenced by changes in the mean airway pressure.