A radical change in vaccine methodology arrived nine years ago with the adv
ent of nucleic acid immunization. Aspects such as plasmid design, gene sele
ction, the use of immunostimulatory complexes and clinical trials are discu
ssed in this review. Furthermore, concepts and protocols involved in the co
nstruction, evaluation and immunization of a DNA vaccine have been examined
as new strategies to enhance this technology continues to grow. (C) 1999 E
lsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.