Specific in vitro phosphorylation of plant eIF2 alpha by eukaryotic eIF2 alpha kinases

Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF 2 alpha) is known to be an important translational control mechanism in all eukaryotes with the major exception of plants. Regulation of mammalian and yeast eIF2 alpha activity is directly governed by specific phosphorylation on Ser-51. We now demonstrate that recombinant wheat wild-type (51S) but n ot mutant 51-Ala (51A) protein is phosphorylated by human PKR and yeast GCN 2, which are defined eIF2 alpha kinases. Further, only wheat wild-type eIF2 alpha is a substrate for plant-encoded, double-stranded RNA-dependent kina se (pPKR) activity. Plant PKR and GCN2 phosphorylate recombinant yeast eIF2 alpha 51S but not the 51A mutant demonstrating that pPKR has recognition s ite capability similar to established eIF2 alpha kinases. A truncated versi on of wild-type wheat eIF2 alpha containing 51S but not the KGYID motif is not phosphorylated by either hPKR or pPKR suggesting that this putative eIF 2 alpha kinase docking domain is essential for phosphorylation. Taken toget her, these results demonstrate the homology among eukaryotic eIF2 alpha spe cies and eIF2 alpha kinases and support the presence of a plant eIF2 alpha phosphorylation pathway.