Massive hydrothorax and hydro-abdomen complicating percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Although minimally invasive treatments of calculi in adulthood are well und erstood, pediatric techniques are still in their infancy with few studies t o guide the clinician through potential pitfalls of management.(1,2) We rep ort on a l-year-old boy in whom fluid extravasated during laser percutaneou s nephrolithotomy.