The low-frequency earthquake swarms at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: implications for magma dynamics

Mount Pinatubo's intense low-frequency (LF) earthquake swarms in 1992 provi de insight into the volcano's shallow plumbing system and into the possible magmatic process that generate these unusual earthquakes. LF waveforms are remarkably uniform with spectral peaks at about 1 Hz. Recorded at Pinatubo 1 week prior to the June 1991 cataclysmic eruption, LF events reappeared 1 year later and a day before a new dome began to grow in the volcano's fres hly-formed caldera. Seismicity with at least 23,000 LF events accompanied t he 1992 dome growth, and both simultaneously ceased after 4 months. The mag nitude range of the thousands of LF events is narrow at only 1.6 units, and show a more restricted range in size during any particular period within t he crisis, defining a "group magnitude." During two LF earthquake swarms, t he group magnitude gradually varied, indicating a pervasive process affecti ng the mechanism of LF earthquake-generation. Hypocenters of Pinatubo's LF earthquakes define a vertical pipe extending from the crater floor to simil ar to 4.2 km below sea level, coinciding with the column formed by high-fre quency (HF) earthquakes prior to the 1991 cataclysmic eruption. A dike intr usion along the NW-trending Maraunot Fault is also suggested by the hypocen ters. The temporal, amplitude and waveform features and hypocenter location of Pinatubo's LF earthquakes are distinctly different from those of HF eve nts and indicate a close affinity of LF earthquakes to one another. LF even ts appear to be caused by interactions between more fluid magma intruding s emi-ductile materials confined within the volcano's shallow plumbing system . This source mechanism can account for: the occurrence of LF earthquakes a s swarms and multiplets; the limited magnitude range of the events; the tem porally-changing group magnitudes; the obscurity of S-phase; the existence of hybrid LF-HF earthquakes; and the close relationship of LF earthquakes w ith dome extrusions. The 1992 LF seismicity at Pinatubo trails the 1991 par oxysmal eruption. Residual melt left in the shallow conduit following the 1 991 eruption may have reached density and viscosity contrasts that allowed fluid fractions to intrude more viscous but still ductile part of the magma . This process may have produced the small-sized 1992 dome. By analogy, we suggest that the 1991 pre-eruptive dome and LF events may have involved vis cous materials left by the similar to 500 year BP eruption and intruded by the then ascending melt. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved .