Purpose: Athletes who use anabolic steroids get larger and stronger muscles
. How this is reflected at the level of the muscle fibers has not yet been
established and was the topic of this investigation. Methods: Muscle biopsi
es were obtained from the trapezius muscles of high-level power lifters who
have reported the use of anabolic steroids in high doses for several years
and from high-level power lifters who have never used these drugs. Enzyme-
immunohistochemical investigation was performed to assess muscle fiber type
s, fiber area, myonuclear number, frequency of satellite cells, and fibers
expressing developmental protein isoforms. Results: The overall muscle fibe
r composition was the same in both groups. The mean area for each fiber typ
e in the reported steroid users was larger than that in the nonsteroid user
s (P < 0.05). The number of myonuclei and the proportion of central nuclei
were also significantly higher in the reported steroid users (P < 0.05). Li
kewise, the frequency of fibers expressing developmental protein isoforms w
as significantly higher in the reported steroid users group (P < 0.05). Con
clusion: Intake of anabolic steroids and strength-training induce an increa
se in muscle size by both hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle fiber
s. We propose that activation of satellite cells is a key process and is en
hanced by the steroid use. The incorporation of the satellite cells into pr
eexisting fibers to maintain a constant nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio seems
to be a fundamental mechanism for muscle fiber growth. Although all the sub
jects in this study have the same level of performance, the possibility of
genetic differences between the two groups cannot be completely excluded.