Phylogeny of Drosophila and related genera: Conflict between molecular andanatomical analyses

Drosophila species are extensively used in biological research; yet, import ant phylogenetic relationships within the genus and with related genera rem ain unresolved. The combined data for three genes (Adh, Sod, and Gpdh) stat istically resolves outstanding issues. We define the genus Drosophila inclu sively so as to include Scaptomyza and Zaprionus (considered distinct gener a in the taxonomy of Wheeler, 1981) but excluding Scaptodrosophila. The gen us Drosophila so defined is monophyletic. The subgenus Sophophora (includin g the melanogaster, obscura, and willistoni groups) is monophyletic and the sister clade to all other Drosophila subgenera. The Hawaiian Drosophila (i ncluding Scaptomyza) is a monophyletic group, but the subgenus Drosophila i s not monophyletic, because the immigrans group is more closely related to the subgenus Hirtodrosophila than to other species of the subgenus Drosophi la, such as the virilis and repleta groups. (C) 1999 Academic Press.