Antihydrophobic cosolvent effects in organic displacement reactions

[GRAPHICS] Rates of reactions in water can be modified by the presence of antihydropho bic cosolvents such as ethanol and DMSO, which lower the energies of nonpol ar surfaces. The rate effects reflect changes both in the solvation of nonp olar surfaces and also in the solvation of polar groups. The effects have b een sorted out for some displacement reactions, revealing the geometry of a n interesting branching reaction whose two paths show different antihydroph obic effects.