Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast brazil

To determine potential, long-term deficits associated with early childhood diarrhea and parasitic infections, we studied the physical fitness (by the Harvard Step Test) and cognitive function (by standardized tests noted belo w) of 26 children who had complete surveillance for diarrhea in their first 2 years of life and who had continued surveillance until 6-9 years of age in a poor urban community (favela) in Fortaleza in northeast Brazil. Early childhood diarrhea at 0-2 years of age correlated with reduced fitness by t he Harvard Step Test at 6-9 years of age (P = 0.03) even after controlling for anthropometric and muscle area effects, anemia, intestinal helminths, G iardia infections, respiratory illnesses, and socioeconomic variables. Earl y childhood cryptosporidial infections (6 with diarrhea and 3 without diarr hea) were also associated with reduced fitness at 6--9 year of age, even wh en controlling for current nutritional status. Early diarrhea did not corre late with activity scores (P = 0.697), and early diarrhea remained signific antly correlated with fitness scores (P = 0.035) after controlling for acti vity scores. Early diarrhea burdens also correlated in pilot studies with i mpaired cognitive function using a McCarthy Draw-A-Design (P = 0.01; P = 0. 017 when controlling for early helminth infections), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children coding tasks (P = 0.031), and backward digit span tests (P = 0.045). These findings document for the first time a potentially subst antial impact of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidial infections on subsequent functional status. If confirmed, these findings have major impl ications for calculations of global disability adjusted life years and for the importance and potential cost effectiveness of targeted interventions f or early childhood diarrhea.