Selective and sensitive electrochemical biosensing of superoxide anion production by biological systems: a short overview of recent trends

Biologically, superoxide anion (O-2(-)) has been proposed to be directly or indirectly involved as a signaling messenger in vascular dysfunction. Meas uring the local concentrations of this free radical in biological models is very difficult because of its high reactivity and fleeting existence. We r eport in this review selected significant examples of electrochemical micro electrodes and biosensors especially and appropriately designed for specif ic in situ determination of superoxide O-2(-) in biological systems. This r eport Will address and illustrate the desirable characteristics and the div erse ranges of the fabrication of the electrochemical biosensors and Introd uce the readers to some significant examples of their applications in this field.