I. Ogimoto et al., World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research 1997 recommendations: applicability to digestive tract cancer in Japan, CANC CAUSE, 11(1), 2000, pp. 9-23
Objectives: This paper reviewed analytic epidemiological studies of the maj
or Japanese digestive tract cancers, i.e. esophageal, stomach, colon and re
ctal. The applicability of the recommendations for prevention of these canc
ers by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research
(W&A) to Japan is considered.
Methods: Papers were searched by the MEDLINE for the period 1966 through 19
97. Among them, 43 relevant papers including data from Japan were reviewed.
Results: Results for 11 lifestyle-related factors were considered. Cigarett
e smoking was a strong and consistent, thus, convincing, risk factor for es
ophageal cancer, and a possible risk factor for stomach and colorectal canc
er. Excessive consumption of alcohol was a convincing risk factor for esoph
ageal cancer, and a possible risk factor for stomach and colorectal cancer.
Excessive salt intake was a risk factor supported by some strong evidence
but inconsistent; therefore, it is a probable risk factor for stomach cance
r and a possible risk factor for colorectal cancer. Low physical activity w
as a probable risk factor for colorectal cancer. On the other hand, suffici
ent intake of vegetables, including green-yellow vegetables, and fruits was
regarded as a possible protective factor for these cancers.
Conclusions: These observations were mostly consistent with those reported
by W&A; therefore the recommendations by W&A for prevention of these cancer
s may be considered applicable to the current Japanese population.